https://www.organscigroup.us/journals/archives-of-pulmonology-and-respiratory-care A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 03 Mar, 2026 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-12-194.php As recent experience, including unique data from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, has shown, treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia is focused on those with severe disease. The rapid development of inflammation in lung tissue clearly demonstrates the futility of etiotropic medications, which lack the properties of effective first aid in such conditions. The lack of correlation between pneumonia severity and the type of pathogen, as well as the persistence of underlying disease mechanisms regardless of the etiology, necessitate the earliest possible application of pathogenetic treatment to ensure positive results and prevent complications. 07 Nov, 2025 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-11-193.php Acute pneumonia (AP) is still one of the most unpredictable and dangerous inflammatory diseases, even with significant progress in antimicrobial treatment. This review looks at how medical understanding and treatment of AP have changed over time. It focuses on the side effects and limitations of long-term antibiotic use. The analysis uses both historical and modern literature to show how the germ theory of disease and the reliance on antibiotics have created current misunderstandings about the causes and treatment of AP. The paper discusses the rise of antibiotic resistance, the changing nature of pneumonia germs, and the increasing occurrence of viral pneumonia in the post-antibiotic era. It also argues that the focus on antimicrobials has caused us to overlook the mechanisms related to the host’s response. By bringing together evidence from a century of microbiological and clinical studies, the author calls for a shift in thinking. We need to look beyond antibiotics as the only treatment and adopt a broader view of the mechanisms behind AP. The review ends by stating that if we do not reevaluate the role of microbial factors and the limits of antibiotics, progress in treating pneumonia will remain limited. 23 May, 2025 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-11-192.php Sepsis remains a major contributor to global hospital mortality, yet current diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols often fail to account for the complexity of its pathophysiology—particularly when sepsis originates from pulmonary infections such as pneumonia. This review critically examines longstanding assumptions in the classification and management of sepsis, challenging the conventional systemic interpretation and highlighting the overlooked role of pulmonary circulation and lung-specific mechanisms. Drawing from both historical clinical insights and contemporary data, the article underscores the limitations of uniform therapeutic approaches and the misapplication of sepsis definitions in respiratory contexts. The analysis calls for a reevaluation of diagnostic models and advocates for a differentiated, physiology-based treatment paradigm, offering preliminary considerations for future clinical strategies. 05 Feb, 2025 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-11-191.php Background: Acute Respiratory tract Infections (ARI) are the most prevalent illness in people of all ages, and they are a leading cause of hospitalization and death. Molecular testing methods have significantly expanded the ability to diagnose respiratory infections. Rapid viral testing aims to prompt the diagnosis of viral infections that could lead to faster hospital discharge, and lower healthcare resource use, and clinicians are guided on the judicious use of antibiotics, as well as greater isolation precautions. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical impact of the Film Array (Biofire) Respiratory Panel utilization on the outcomes of pediatric patients with acute viral respiratory infection. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional analytic study, conducted in two private tertiary hospitals. The study population includes admitted patients aged 1-18 years old with an acute respiratory infection and then divided into two groups: exposure group (with Biofire taken) and non-exposure group (without Biofire taken). Retrospective chart review was done on the admitted patients and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 220 samples were included. The majority of patients in both groups were female, aged 1-5 years old, lived in an urban locality, and with no influenza vaccination. The most common virus detected was hRV/hEV(n = 29%), while the most common codetection virus was hRV/hEV with influenza B (n = 23.5%). For those who underwent the test, patients were frequently admitted in the year 2021 (n = 90%) and the month of July (n = 28.2%). Utilization of the respiratory panel was associated with significant changes in medical management including decreased antibiotic usage (p = 0.001) and shorter length of hospital stay (p = 0.029), compared to those patients who didn’t undergo the test. Conclusion: The Film Array (Biofire) respiratory panel is useful in assisting clinical judgment regarding the usage of antibiotics as well as the length of hospitalization among children affected by acute respiratory infections. 27 Nov, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-10-190.php When COPD and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome coexist in one individual, it’s known as overlap syndrome. In individuals with COPD, diaphragmatic function may help anticipate nocturnal oxygen desaturation. Ultrasound has been used extensively to assess the diaphragm. We aimed to investigate the effects of ultrasound-measured diaphragm excursion and contractile capacity on percutaneous oxygen saturation in COPD. Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study from 2021 to 2024. A total of Sixty-one consecutive patients with spirometry-confirmed stable COPD were included after obtaining informed written consent. Demographic and clinical data, spirometric values, BMI, average night-time saturation, the Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) of 4% and Measurement of Diaphragm Thickness (TFdi) and Excursion (EXdi) were collected for analysis. This is a prospective study conducted at Constantine Regional Military University Hospital. Results: The average night-time saturation was 94,63 ± 2,16% (12 patients could not perform nocturnal oximetry), The average Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) was 4% 2,01 ± 2,65. There was a significant positive correlation between diaphragmatic mobility (EXdi) and the average night-time saturation (r = 0,395, p = 0,005). However There was a significant negative correlation between diaphragmatic mobility and the average oxygen desaturation index (ODI 4 %) (r = -0,288, p = 0,045), In our study on ‘objectified a significant negative correlation between 4% ODI and TFdi (r = - 0, 456 p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study suggested a close relationship between the ultrasound parameters (TFdi, EXdi) assessed by ultrasonography in COPD on the one hand and the mean of night desaturation and (ODI) 4% on the other. 10 Oct, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-10-189.php The widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics for more than eighty years, including not only medicine but also the food industry, has had a significant impact on the usual relationships between representatives of the microbiosphere that accompanies our body. For a long time, the possibility of side effects remained without due attention, giving way to attempts to maintain the original antimicrobial effect of these drugs. Currently, evidence of the consequences of antibiotic therapy has received official recognition only in the form of resistant microflora. Phenomena such as the constant change of AP pathogens and the gradual loss of antibiotics for their purpose remain unstudied. The selective nature of specialists' attention to the side effects of antibiotics is due to a decrease in their effectiveness and the desire to restore the successes of previous therapy. The latter circumstance is a consequence of the negative didactic influence of antibiotics on professional views that determine the strategy for solving the problem and require, first of all, changes following the fundamental canons of medical science and numerous facts. 26 Sep, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-10-188.php The article is devoted to the issues of diseases and their development characteristic of the conditions of saline lands, which have received little attention so far. Due to deficiencies in irrigated agriculture, salinization is increasing more and more. In some countries, the share of saline land is 32% - 78% of the total used land. As a result of some studies, it was found that in areas with a lot of saline land, there is a higher incidence of diseases of the digestive organs and even cancer. In Mingbuloq District, Namangan Region of Uzbekistan, there was a high incidence of “Certain disorders related to the immune mechanism of diseases of blood and blood-forming organs (including anemia)” in adolescents under 14 years of age. Almost 2 times more was found. Judging from statistical data, it is possible to note a high level of infant mortality in many countries with saline lands. These data indicate that the study of the effects of salt-flooded lands on diseases is the most urgent problem. 27 Aug, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-10-187.php Introduction: Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia (MPP) is an inflammation of the lungs caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Macrolide antibiotics are the therapeutic agents of choice for MPP. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of erythromycin cyclic 11,12-carbonate combined with azithromycin in treating children with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (SMPP). Methods: 84 children with SMPP treated at Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital between February 2021 and December 2021 were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was treated with intravenous azithromycin and then changed to oral azithromycin. The experimental group was treated with intravenous azithromycin and then switched to oral erythromycin cyclic 11,12-carbonate. The clinical efficacy, symptom improvement, inflammatory levels, and cytokine levels before and after treatment were compared, and the occurrence of adverse reactions was recorded. Results: The overall effective rate of treatment in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0>0.05). Conclusion: Erythromycin cyclic 11,12-carbonate combined with azithromycin in the treatment of children with SMPP had significant efficacy, superior to azithromycin monotherapy, which could effectively improve immune function and clinical symptoms. 19 Jun, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-10-186.php Pulmonary nocardiosis is a rare infection with a high mortality rate. We present a case of an elderly male with severe COPD treated with repeated courses of prednisone and highlight specific factors predisposing to a Nocardia infection. We review literature data and advocate for early invasive testing to direct management. We underline the role of early bronchoscopy in this select population given its safety and potential diagnostic yield. 29 May, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-10-185.php Despite the successful solution of many issues and impressive achievements in various fields, modern medicine is far from successful in providing effective care to patients with acute nonspecific inflammation of the lung tissue. This pathology, known since ancient times as acute pneumonia, has gradually become an important global problem in recent decades. Modern ideas about the nature of the disease and the basic principles of its treatment were formed under the didactic influence of antibiotics and are of a narrowly targeted etiotropic nature. First aid and emergency care methods for this category of patients do not provide the immediate expected effect, and arguments in favor of their use ignore the pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease, which leads to side effects. A radical revision of professional views on this problem, taking into account the unique pathogenesis of inflammatory processes in the pulmonary circulation, is an inevitable step in solving this problem. 21 Mar, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-10-184.php Sepsis is currently one of the most important problems of medicine, and the treatment of this category of patients presents great difficulties and is characterized by high mortality. Acute Pneumonia (AP) has been the leading cause of septic conditions for many years, the proportion of which has recently begun to exceed half of all cases. The modern concept of AP considers the causative agent of the disease as the main cause of its occurrence and development, but for many years the search for reliable differential diagnostic criteria depending on the etiology has not been found. The peculiarities of the localization of AP, unlike other inflammatory diseases, force us to pay attention to the fundamental differences in the parameters of blood flow in the two circulatory circles. The inevitability of the onset of the inflammatory process with a vascular reaction forces us to understand the mechanisms of AP development on the basis of already studied, confirmed, and classical materials of medical science. New ideas about the pathogenesis of the disease make it possible to understand its leading importance in the observed pattern of AP and to recognize the obvious over diagnosis of sepsis in this category of patients. Understanding the need for such a step can significantly reduce the number of patients with sepsis, and a pathogenetic approach to medical care will really improve treatment outcomes. 28 Dec, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-9-183.php Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease with high prevalence in the economically poor countries in the world with pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations. Though major involvement is pulmonary but extrapulmonary tuberculosis burden is quite high & requires a very strong index of suspicion with exhaustive workup for diagnosis. Due to delayed diagnosis and treatment, Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) seems to be more dangerous than Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB). EPTB can manifest itself in almost all parts of the body, producing a wide range of symptoms, making its detection tough. Early detection and timely treatment are necessary to prevent the worsening of the symptoms. Newer diagnostic tests like CBNAAT, RT-PCR, and gene sequencing have been introduced over recent years to improve the quality of assessment of this disease. While traditional diagnostic tests like culture, microscopy, and tuberculin tests take days to months to yield results, CBNAAT gives results in only 2 hours, thus making the prognosis better. However, their access is still limited to majorly developed and developing countries, being costlier than the traditional methods. This review focuses on various diagnostic procedures available for the diagnosis of EPTB. 02 Feb, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-9-182.php Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease affecting about 300 million people and responsible for 500,000 deaths annually globally. Eosinophilic asthma is one of the most common phenotypes of asthma. It constitutes about 50% to 60% of all cases of asthma, and it is the most common phenotype in children presenting with severe acute asthma. The mechanism of eosinophilic asthma is chronic airway inflammation which leads to airway hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling due to the immunopathological effects of inflammatory cytokines. The duet cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 play the most central role in the pathophysiology of eosinophilic asthma. The two sister cytokines are slightly similar with a 25% homology, they share a common signaling IL-4Rα chain, and have identical biological effects. Their principal biological effect is the development of Th2 cells from naïve T helper type 0 (Th0) lymphocytes. Th2 cells produce several cytokines responsible for inducing airway eosinophilic inflammation. They induce the ε isotype switch and the switching of the B cell immunoglobulin (Ig) production from IgM to IgE. Furthermore, they stimulate eosinophil proliferation, and migration to the allergic airways and promote eosinophil survival by suppressing eosinophil apoptosis. Activated eosinophils secrete several cytotoxic cationic proteins which damage the airway epithelium, and amplify the inflammatory cascade and airway remodeling. Most patients with eosinophilic asthma can achieve control on a long-acting β2-agonist, inhaled corticosteroid, and a leukotriene receptor antagonist. However, about 3.6-10% do not achieve asthma control. These patients usually benefit from treatment with a biologic. Dupilumab is the only biologic targeting IL-4 and IL-13 approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe eosinophilic asthma. Clinical trials have shown that treatment with dupilumab results in good asthma control, and significantly reduces moderate-to-severe exacerbation rates (p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, treatment with dupilumab has been shown to significantly improve lung function (p &lt; 0.001), and health-related quality of life, and allows patients to taper or discontinue corticosteroid treatment. 28 Nov, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-8-181.php Not many doctors are aware of the most important obstacle in pulmonology and respiration care which is determined by the electronic structure of molecular oxygen. In great contrast to a huge majority of chemically stable substances, the O2 molecule possesses two non-paired electrons with parallel spins. 19 Nov, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-8-180.php Yasar Kucukardali1, Arzu Gunturk2, Mehmet Akif Ozturk1, Şenay Acikel1, Hatice Zeynep Ceylan1*, Pınar Fırat3 and Banu Salepci4 16 Nov, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-8-179.php Normal left pulmonary inferior lobe in abnormal systemic circulation arterial supply without sequestration is a rare malformation of congenital lung vascular. Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) and it’s Three-Dimensional (3D) reconstruction can display clearly the signs of the abnormal systemic circulation arterial supply to the lung lobe and the imaging changes of the left pulmonary inferior lobe associated with this disorder, it can provide detailed information for the clinician to make the treatment planning. 11 Nov, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-8-178.php Nearly all very preterm infants will require some form of respiratory support in the neonatal unit. It is standard practice to humidify the inspired gases. It appears logical to bring this practice of humidification forward to the time immediately after birth. There is an evidence base for early provision of heated humidified gases in the delivery room, but because several forms of respiratory support may be needed (eg binasal prong CPAP and use of a T-piece resuscitator) this may be difficult to achieve. We describe a setup using a radiant warmer and humidification circuits to make this possible. 09 Nov, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-8-177.php Background: During the COVID health crisis, intensive care units were quickly overwhelmed and had to call for help. The only solution was to call for this help among nurses, nursing auxiliaries, and physicians that were normally not working in the ICU units (consultations, operating room, medical units). These people needed mechanical ventilation courses before beginning their job in the ICU unit. Simulation appeared to be the best solution because of its safety and educational effectiveness. Approach: We developed an artificial lung during the 36 hours innovation marathon Crunch Maker Camp 2021. It included three main settings which were lung compliance, airways resistances, and diaphragmatic inspiratory trigger. These parameters seemed to be essential for us in order to simulate the mechanical ventilation characteristics of a COVID lung. The simulator was entirely made of physical components. Evaluation: The team composed of engineers and intensive care medical instructors developed the first proof of concept of the artificial lung. The different controllable modules were able to adjust compliance, and resistance on the respirator, and an inspiratory trigger was efficient. They reflected correctly a normal or a COVID lung, simulating a patient on a ventilator. The simulator was presented to the jury and after deliberation, the teams’ work was rewarded with the first innovation prize. Reflection: We designed a controlled simulation for COVID respiratory issues; the artificial lung was rewarded during this innovation marathon Crunch Maker Camp 2021. This allowed us to improve the simulator and we plan to start using this tool during training sessions soon. We will then measure Pedagogic impact, focusing on long-term memorization. 29 Oct, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-8-176.php According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Smart Polymers (SP) or stimulus-responsive polymers are “polymers that respond or that is designed to respond to a stimulus like pH, light, heat, etc. change, and provides a predetermined action”. These changes are generally abrupt and relatively large, involving changes in phase or properties due to structural adaptations of the polymer [1-4]. 26 Oct, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-8-175.php Introduction: In Spain, few data have been reported on mortality and survival in rheumatoid arthritis with diffuse interstitial lung disease. Objectives: To estimate mortality and survival for patients with symptomatic diffuse interstitial lung disease and rheumatoid arthritis and to analyze the effect of clinical factors. Methods: We performed an observational study between 2007 and 2018 at the Interdisciplinary Rheumatology and Pulmonology Clinic, from a tertiary Hospital. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and symptomatic of diffuse interstitial lung disease confirmed by high-resolution computed tomography were included. Causes of death and clinical factors were reported. Results: We identified 90 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and symptomatic interstitial lung disease. Twenty-six patients died and diffuse interstitial lung disease was the most frequent cause (50%). The overall mortality rate was 19.7 per 1000 patient-years (95% CI: 13.4 - 29). The multivariate model revealed the predictors of mortality to be a long time between diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and lung involvement (HR = 1.17; p = 0.003) and low forced vital capacity (HR = 0.02; p = 0.018). The probability of survival was 50% at 10.2 years from diagnosis of interstitial lung disease. Comparison of survival did not reveal significant differences by type of radiologic pattern (p = 0.823). Conclusions: The fact that almost one-third of patients died and that survival is 50% at 10 years highlights the important role of diffuse interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. The radiologic pattern does not seem to be as important for survival as forced vital capacity at diagnosis and the time between diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and lung involvement. Key points 1. DILD is associated with shorter survival in patients with RA. 2. The radiologic pattern does not seem to influence the survival in patients with RA and DILD. 3. The FVC at diagnosis is an important factor that influences the prognosis of patients with RA and DILD. 23 Aug, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-8-174.php Nasogastric tubes are used for a multitude of purposes, however, due to their firm composition, they often injure the nasal passages when being placed. While a small amount of bleeding from the nasal mucosa is traditionally acceptable, that small amount of bleeding from the nose can potentially form thrombi that could compromise the airway in patients with impaired sensorium and swallowing. 30 Aug, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-7-173.php A new era in the treatment of Acute Pneumonia (AP) began with the introduction of antibiotics into medical practice. The first successes of the use of new drugs were accompanied by a gradual simplification of views on the nature of AP with an emphasis on the characteristics of the pathogen and its suppression. A huge layer of scientific materials that allow us to understand the features of the development and course of inflammatory processes in the lungs, remained unclaimed. The focus on the etiology of the disease has led to a distorted view of its mechanisms and an exaggerated diagnosis of septic complications that do not have a reasoned confirmation. The current pandemic with a large number of COVID-19 pneumonias has radically changed the etiology of AP and deprived practical medicine of conventional treatment regimens. The unpreparedness of modern medicine for such a challenge and the preservation of the previous ideology of the disease are the reason for a radical revision of the AP doctrine. 27 Jul, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-7-172.php Pulmonary mucormycosis is an uncommon pulmonary fungal disease, which is commonly seen in immunocompromised individuals. It is caused by fungi of class Zygomycetes. It constitutes the third most common invasive fungal infection following aspergillosis and candidiasis. Risk factors include patients with hematological malignancies, diabetes mellitus, and immunocompromised states. It is difficult to diagnose early due to non-specific clinical presentation and delay in treatment associated with greater mortality. Here we report a case of 26-year-old male who presented with history of cough, breathlessness for past 2 months and, haemoptysis and fever for past 1-2 weeks. Patient has history of illicit intravenous drug abuse and previous history of Pulmonary Tuberculosis as a risk factor for immunosuppression in this case. As we know that Tuberculosis and HIV are highly prevalent in country like India. Patient had non-resolving opacification with cavitation on chest radiograph for which he was misdiagnosed as Pulmonary Tuberculosis. The diagnosis of Pulmonary Mucormycosis is bases upon demonstration of fungal hyphae in the clinical specimen. We highlight the importance of clinical suspicion in these cases for early diagnosis and early treatment initiation can reverse morbidity and mortality associated with Pulmonary Mucormycosis. 23 Jul, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-7-171.php As we know that, Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are well characterized diseases, they can co-exist as asthma-COPD overlap (ACO). The co-existence of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap (ACO) in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients is often unrecognized. In patients with a primary diagnosis of COPD, the identification of ACO has got implication for better prognosis and treatment. Such patients experience frequent exacerbations, poor quality of life, rapid decline in lung function and high mortality than COPD alone. Inhalational steroids provide significant alleviation of symptoms in such patients and some studies suggest that the most severe patients may respond to biological agents indicated for severe asthma. We report a case of 61year-old-male who presented with nocturnal and early morning breathlessness, cough and wheezing episodes for past 2-3 weeks. He was diagnosed with COPD 6 years back as patient has history of biomass fuel exposure since childhood. The criteria to diagnose asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) include positive bronchodilator response, sputum eosinophilia or previous diagnosis of asthma, high IgE and/or history of atopy. There is scarcity of literature available in country like India. We highlight the importance of identification of Asthma COPD overlap as different phenotype from COPD or asthma alone as it is challenging to diagnose ACO in India. In our case, patient was diagnosed with ACO, based on the spirometry findings and the sputum findings have helped in the modification of his treatment and causing alleviations of symptoms and better clinical outcome. 23 Jul, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-7-170.php A 61-year-old male admitted with complaints of increased shortness of breath, right chest pain and blood-tinged sputum expectations for the past 5 days. He was recently treated for COVID-19 infection at home with 6 days of oral corticosteroid and other symptomatic medication. He denied any other significant past medical history. He was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. He is a chronic smoker and occasionally takes alcohol for the past 25 years. On chest auscultation the right-side air entry was diminished and rest of systemic examination was normal. Routine blood investigation was normal except raised fasting blood sugar levels. 23 Jul, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-7-169.php Pancreaticopleural Fistula (PPF), is an uncommon and serious complication of chronic pancreatitis. PPF needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of recurrent and large pleural effusions especially in middle-aged men with a history of alcohol consumption. The diagnosis requires high index of suspicion, since the patients present typically with the pulmonary symptoms related to pleural effusion rather than pancreatitis. We present a case of a middle-aged male with massive recurrent right-sided pleural effusion, secondary to PPF due to chronic pancreatitis. 11 May, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-7-168.php It is difficult to predict how the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, would react to an attempt to link his theory and the method of treating mental disorders based on it [1] with such a purely physical disease as Acute Pneumonia (AP). It is unlikely that such an innovation could cause full approval and support. However, in this context, we are not talking about psychoanalysis as a therapeutic method for AP. In this case, only the diagnostic features of this technique are of interest. The essence of psychoanalysis, which is based on the search for the causes of the so-called echoes of the past, as well as the connection between conscious and unconscious phenomena, can be useful in order to understand the causes of errors and paradoxes that exist in solving the problem of AP. In other words, we are not talking about the nuances of the disease itself, but about the peculiarities of its nature, since the interpretation of the essence of AP determines the principles of treatment and the final results. 20 Apr, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-7-167.php Introduction: Awake prone positioning is being recently used in patients with COVID-19 respiratory failure. While the theory supporting it is strong, the evidence supporting it is lacking. Aim of our study was to assess the effect of awake prone positioning on oxygenation and PaO2/FiO2 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: Retrospective observational cohort data from patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital was collected. Patients deemed suitable for admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) but did not need immediate ventilation were included. Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were subjected to cyclical prone positioning. pO2, pCO2 and PF ratio was recorded before and after awake prone positioning. Comparative data was analyzed using the SPSS software and student t-test was used for comparison of mean values. Results: Awake Prone positioning was performed in 18 COVID-19 positive patients (16 men, mean age 55). Patients had severe respiratory failure with a mean partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of 51.2 mmHg (range 46 to 60) on an arterial blood gas (ABG) sample and a mean PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio of 104. Proning times ranged from one episode of 2 hours to multiple sessions ranging from 30 minutes to a few hours at a time. Prone positioning led to a significant improvement in oxygenation with a mean PaO2 of 61 mmHg (mean change 8.2, 95% CI 7.3 to 12.3 mmHg, p&lt;0.001) and mean PF ratio of 125.9 (mean improving of 21.7, 95% CI 13.6 to 29.7; p&lt;0.001) two hours from start of proning manoeuver. Conclusion: In our cohort, awake prone positing was well tolerated and led to a significant improvement in oxygenation and possibly reduced the need for mechanical ventilation. Whilst we await for definitive studies, its likely that awake proning is going to be used widely, particularly in countries with limited intensive care bed capacity. 03 Feb, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-7-166.php Background: Molecular methods such as Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has the potential to rapidly identify pathogens for diagnosing infectious diseases. Objective: This study aims to describe the usage of the Multiplex PCR System &#40;FilmArray®&#41; Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Meningitis Encephalitis, and Blood Culture Identification Panels done from October 2017 to September 2019. Methods: Results of all the panels done during the study period were retrieved from the laboratory database. Data were entered into the collection forms and analyzed to achieve the objectives. Results: A total of 547 test results were gathered. The most requested panel among the four was Gastrointestinal Panel (48%). Majority of the patients tested were from those aged 60 years old and above at 29.8%. Patients who had the panels tested were mostly males (55%) and mostly requested among inpatients at 69%. The positivity rates of the Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Meningitis Encephalitis Panel, and Blood Culture Identification panels were 60%, 57%, 14% and 83%, respectively. All panels had both single detections as well as codetections except for Blood Culture Identification Panel which only yielded single pathogen. The most common requesting physicians are the Gastroenterologists (25.9%) followed by Infectious Disease Specialists (15.9%). Collectively, Pediatricians and other Pediatric Specialty Physicians comprise 19.5% of the requesting doctors. Conclusion: The Multiplex PCR FilmArray Panels were useful both in the outpatient and inpatient care and a wide range of patients. The high positivity rates provide early patient diagnosis, thereby, early administration of appropriate targeted therapy and management especially those which might have been missed by the conventional culture. Identification of viral etiologies reduce the unnecessary use of antimicrobials and greatly help in the reduction of the development of antimicrobial resistance. 22 Dec, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-165.php Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation in the lungs. COPD frequently coexist with Heart Failure (HF) but most patients go undiagnosed because of similarity of symptoms. Data on prevalence of COPD in HF are discrepant and scarce. In addition, associated factors of COPD in these patients have not been completely investigated. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of COPD amongst stable HF patients and to identify the factors associated. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2016 to April 2016 at the Douala General Hospital. All stable HF patients 40 years and over who came for routine follow-up and who met up inclusion criteria were enrolled. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on pulmonary symptoms, risk factors, sociodemographic data, comorbidities and spirometric measurements. COPD was defined by airflow limitation which corresponds to the ratio of post-broncho dilation forced expiratory volume in one second on the forced vital capacity less than 70% (FEV1/FVC&lt;70%). SPSS20 software was used for data analysis and a P-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 86 HF patients were included in our study. The median age was 66.5 years with an Interquartile Range (IQR) of 57-75years. Female sex was the most represented (53.3%). Twenty-two patients had COPD giving a prevalence of COPD in HF of 25.6% (95%CI; 16-34). Sputum production was significant in those with COPD (p= 0.012) and elderly age (≥65 years) was associated with COPD (p= 0.026). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that one out of four patients diagnosed with heart failure has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with sputum production being the most likely symptom and elderly age an associated factor of having COPD in heart failure. Clinicians should think of an associated COPD when investigating patients with heart failure. 27 Nov, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-164.php The scientific board published the prevention and treatment guidelines for COVID-19 in January before the emergence of COVID-19 cases in Turkey. The constantly updated guidelines address all disease stages from the first diagnosis to the intensive care processes in detail. Furthermore, a list of reference hospitals across the country is provided in the guideline. In February, MoH stopped flights to China firstly. Then, MoH banned outbound flights to countries that reporting COVID-19 cases . The Minister of Education announced that schools were closed. It was announced on March 9th, 2020 that the first patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey . At the beginning of May, the president announced that controlled social life would begin and that closed facilities and stopped activities would be allowed to start again in a controlled manner. The Turkish government took the necessary precautions early and swiftly. The main payer health care expenditures in Turkey is the social security institution (SSI), and also the SSI belongs to the state. The Turkish health system has already been ready for extraordinary health conditions such as this pandemic. 25 Nov, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-163.php It is estimated that three of every 1,000 individuals worldwide have latent Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infection. Management of latent MDR-TB is an integral component in our strategies targeting global TB elimination. We are currently targeting only latent drug-sensitive TB as there are no consensus guidelines on the management of latent MDR-TB. Such an approach can potentially lead to a “fall and rise phenomenon” in latent MDR-TB. Risk factors for latent MDR-TB need to be identified, and high-risk individuals need to be screened and treated on priority for latent MDR-TB. The treatment of latent MDR-TB can be initiated primarily with fluoroquinolones-based treatment regimes. Such regimes need to be individualized based on the drug sensitivity pattern of the source case isolate of drug-resistant TB. Thus, strategies for managing latent MDR-TB are the need of the day. 28 Oct, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-162.php Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a complex, multisystemic disease that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal and pulmonary tracts. The essential alteration is the production of abnormal secretions in the exocrine glands, including the salivary and sweat glands, the pancreas, the large intestine, and the tracheobronchial tree [1]. 15 Oct, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-161.php Background: Usually, in clinically cured patients with viral pneumonia, the pulmonary lesions gradually resolve and show complete remission. In very few severe patients, there are residual lesions and fibrosis. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a new disease, the healing process of infected pulmonary lesions is not well known and is variable. Case presentation: This is a case report of a 51 year old COVID-19 infection patient, who initially presented with ground glass opacities and consolidation but eventually developed large pulmonary cavity and fibrosis in the involved lobes during the course of disease. Conclusion: Most of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 show near complete resolution of the lesions with mild residual opacities, however few patients develop complications in the course of disease. 13 Oct, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-160.php Tuberculosis (TB) is a dangerous infection affecting about one third of the world population, despite the availability of affordable and effective chemotherapy, remaining one of the major causes of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. Here the measurement of ADA, LDH, protein and glucose has been advocated to help diagnose tuberculous pleural and peritoneal effusions in TB patients. Although considered definitive, microbiological tests have limited sensitivity and culture has to be prolonged for several weeks before being reported negative, in diagnosing tubercular pleural and peritoneal effusions and have more sensitivity and specificity as compared to pleural fluid culture and biopsy, and by estimation of values of these tests could be a useful tool for diagnosing tubercular pleural and peritoneal effusion. Thus a biochemical test is potentially useful, although high diagnostic accuracy is necessary. 22 Sep, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-159.php The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) continues to be a major health burden in many countries around the world with astonishing reports of fatalities. The burden on the health care systems around the world has been tremendous with a death toll of over 190,000 deaths in the US [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the Sars-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 disease is spread via respiratory droplets [2]. According to a study published by Durgesh Sinha and Nicholas Klahn, from Tempa University and Rowan College at Burlington college respectively, on April 12th, 2020, titled “Mathematical modeling study of the 2020 Covid-19 outbreak in the United States”, 40% - 80% of Covid-19 transmission arise from people who are pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic [3]. 03 Sep, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-158.php COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on the socio-economic, cultural, and health of people. There is increased morbidity if a patient with comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes) is infected with SARS-CoV 2. On the other hand, there are increased complications related to hypertension, diabetes, and unwanted pregnancies during this pandemic. We did a retrospective study in a district hospital in Nepal to see this effect. We found that there was an increased incidence of uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, and safe abortions. So while making plans for overall health during this pandemics, proper management of non-communicable diseases and reproductive health services should be considered. 31 Jul, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-157.php Complications related to acupuncture can have significant consequences for the patient as described in our case report below. However we believe that patients are not made aware of these complications and therefore we would like to see changes made to the way acupuncture is practiced in the United Kingdom. 20 Jul, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-156.php Fine needle aspiration with cell blocks can diagnose lung cancers in high risk patients. As ancillary study is important for lung cancer diagnosis, subtyping and prediction of targeted therapy response, it is important that cell block made have good cellularity and morphology. Here we describe the novel cell block preparation technique for pulmonary cytology specimens in which sediments from centrifuged aspirates were collected on layered filter papers followed by application of partially melted 2% agarose gel on cell button. Out of 41 cell blocks, 22 cases of lung cancers were subtyped without immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was done in 14 cases for subtyping. Four cases showed only benign respiratory epithelium with fibrosis. We found adequate cellularity in all cases (100%), however confirmatory diagnosis could not be given in 4 (9.7%) cases. 29 Jun, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-155.php It is my opinion the use of aeresolized –adrenergic agonist such as salbutamol may be helpfull not only to reduced the early mortality but also the chronic allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation in children The reduction of pulmonary edema could be prevent the induction of Obstructive Bronchiolites Syndrome (less pneumonia and viral infections etc) such as the primary graft dysfunction.As we know by international literature Lung transplantation continues to suffer from less-than-ideal long-term outcomes, even in pediatric patients. 26 Jun, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-154.php Introduction: Many herbs and natural food materials have been historically recognized as an effective panacea that can establish a balanced inflammatory response and promoting healthy immune response as well as have antibacterial and viral effects. The clinical use of some medications can cause serious side effects. We proposed that natural ingredients could serve as a better therapeutic approach. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of IMMUTONIC capsule in human volunteers with flu symptoms. 23 Jun, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-153.php The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has led to a pandemic situation. According to the WHO classification, COVID-19 patients could be classified with severity as uncomplicated illness, mild pneumonia, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and septic shock [1]. China has controlled the situation and thousands of patients had been discharged. We noticed that most patients of severe pneumonia or ARDS had post-inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) during follow-up after the cure of COVID-19. Here we report a case of PPF resulting from COVID-19 effectively treated with Pirfenidone, an antifibrosis medication. 23 Jun, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-152.php Introduction: There are multiple radiographic manifestations of COVID-19 described in recent literature on plain chest radiographs and lung CT scans. We discuss observations on apparent similarities and differences seen on plain chest radiographs of confirmed COVID-19 cases with clinically mild, moderate and severe form of disease. Material and method: We randomly selected 3 cases of COVID-19 with mild, moderate and severe disease, and compared the radiological findings on plain chest radiographs. Results: The radiographic observations suggest that poorly aerated regions of the lung are affected early during the disease course. The inference is that improving the degree of lung aeration may limit the spread of the disease on the remainder of the lung parenchyma. Therefore, early oxygen supplementation therapy may prevent progression of a clinically mild COVID-19 case to moderate or severe form of disease. 09 Jun, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-151.php A new novel virus called SARS-CoV-2 has expanded into a pandemic in the past several months. The virus is an acute respiratory RNA virus that has symptoms in three clinical groups: asymptomatic, suspicious, and COVID-19 positive. 01 Jun, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-150.php The COVID-19 outbreak is a major public health emergency initially occurred in Hubei, the epicenter in China, and then it rapidly turned into a global pandemic with much more than five million infected cases 28 May, 2020 [1]. Thanks to the joint efforts from all parties, especially the great contributions from Chinese medical workers, China’s domestic situation has improved significantly, while it remains severe in the rest of world. 26 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-149.php The strength of respiratory muscles can be evaluated from static measurement (PImax and PEmax) or inferred from dynamic measurement such as maximal voluntary ventilation. Maximal inspiratory pressure and Maximal expiratory pressure are simple, convenient and non-invasive measurement of respiratory muscle strength. Respiratory muscle strength decreases in COPD patients due to multiple factors. The primary aim of this study is to obtain mean PImax and PEmax values in Indian COPD patients and its co-rrelation with anthropomatric, physiological, spirometric parameters and arterial blood gas tension. 23 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-148.php Pulmoner epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare and multifocal malignant tumor of vascular origin. Patients are generally asymptomatic. 18 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-147.php The novel Coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) has dramatically reminded the world of the importance of noting pertinent travel history. 16 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-145.php For almost six months, the mass media are delivering round the clock news, reports, and chronicles about the Covid19 pandemics. 16 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-146.php The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 that began in Wuhan, China, has constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, with cases confirmed in multiple countries. 13 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-144.php World Health Organization has declared corona virus disease (COVID 19) a global pandemic and public health emergency, following the outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Fever, dry cough and fatigue are the main manifestations, but the main concern is cases that deteriorated to severe pneumonia and ARDS. 06 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-143.php Patients with myotonic dystrophy can avoid episodes of respiratory failure by using up to continuous noninvasive ventilatory support (CNVS). Of 154 patients consecutively presenting to a neuromuscular disease clinic, 143 had types 1 or 2 and 11 had congenital myotonic dystrophy. Of the 76 who came multiple times, 41 were prescribed and used at least sleep NVS to relieve symptoms of fatigue and hypersomnolence. 25 Apr, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-142.php Medical Science uses the medicines and probiotics for the respiratory diseases.For example for the current novel Corona virus infection management medicines, masks, gloves, goggles, regular hand cleaning and social distancing are being used across the world to prevent and control the spread of respiratory droplet infection. Covid 19 is severe acute respiratory corona virus 2 that is SARS- CoV-2. The most common symptom of novel corona virus infection is fever. The other symptoms are coughing, dyspnoea, myalgia, rhinorrhoea, 22 Apr, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-141.php Introduction: Aging can be defined like a progressive and irreversible natural process. Chronic smoking shows the health care absence, 47% male smoking and 12% female smoking. Cigarette contains more than 4000 substances, in which 50 can develop neoplasm and many varied comorbidities like pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and gonadotrophic mismatch. It also affects calcium metabolism, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, skeletal striated musculature dysfunction, muscle mass loss - mainly thighs and arms - and exercise capacity reduction with fatigue complaint and dyspnea at minimal effort. 05 Feb, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-6-140.php Many different factors that are extremely variable for each individual affect the survival of lung cancer patients. Prognosis in lung cancer depends upon tumor type, patient immunity and treatment modalities. The objective of our study was to determine the influence of clinical manifestations including the patient symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging modalities and histopathologic tumor features on the prognosis in lung cancer. Another aim was to evaluate whether the collaboration of these data predicted a more accurate prognostic assessment. 19 Nov, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-5-139.php Lung cancer continues being a serious cause of death in developed countries with an increase in its incidence in recent years. According to the above, it is not uncommon to think that new techniques are being investigated to facilitate diagnosis, as well as its staging. 24 Sep, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-5-138.php Among the different types of bronchial asthma, the allergic one is certainly the most easily found. Allergic asthma is characterized by the presence of IgE antibodies called “reagine”, responsible for triggering respiratory allergic crises in the presence of perennial or seasonal specifi c allergens. 12 Aug, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-5-137.php Background: The existence of COPD and heart failure in elderly population adds additional morbidity and mortality risk than if those with only one of the two comorbidities. The aim of the current metaanalysis was to explore the effect of COPD on heart failure patient in terms of all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality and recurrent heart failure hospitalization. 12 Aug, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-5-136.php Foreign body aspiration is not very common in adults, clinically, patients either present with acute respiratory failure which require immediate intervention or with recent onset of symptoms, like wheezing, breathlessness, coughing, and expectoration. 10 Jan, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-5-135.php Background: Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. For adenocarcinomas, histological subtyping is typically performed (e.g. lepidic, acinar, papillary, micropapillary, and solid), as suggested by the World Health Organization. Among these, micropapillary carcinoma has been a focus of significant research in recent years, as it is the newest subtype and has the worst prognosis. Herein, we summarize the most relevant findings of this morphological variant in detail with anecdotal experience and a review of the published literature. 26 Dec, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-4-134.php This study aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory indicators of preterm infants submitted to two noninvasive ventilator support systems in two periods. It was an controlled randomized clinical trial (RBR-7d9dth). Fifty-two newborns (gestational age of 30.6±2.3 weeks, weight of 1,366±445 g) submitted to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy were studied. The infants were randomly allocated to two groups: 31 children received CPAP therapy for 48 hours and 21 children for 72 hours. The respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation and Silverman-Andersen Score were recorded once a day. Three measurements were obtained in a 15 minutes intervals. 30 Oct, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-4-133.php A 44 year old female was referred for hyperbaric oxygen treatment of leg ulcers. The patient had port-wine stain, hand vitiligo, hypertrophy of one extremity, collateral abdominal, and varicose leg veins. Calcium was 12 mg/dL and PTH was 309 ng/L. Hepatomegaly, deep vein thrombosis of the right leg, transudative ascites, hypersplenism, parathyroid adenoma, mesenteric cyst, and papillary thyroid carcinoma were identifi ed. The fi nal clinical diagnosis was Klippel-Treanunay-Weber syndrome. 10 Oct, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-4-132.php The main objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of ocular sarcoidosis. The second aim was to assess the influence of eye involvement on the prognostic outcome, extrapulmonary organ, and endobronchial involvement in sarcoidosis patients. Third objective was to determine the contribution of ocular involvement to final diagnosis in patients presenting with an equivocal sarcoidosis diagnosis due to single organ disease. 10 Jan, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-4-131.php Even though acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been intensively and continuously studied in various settings, its mortality remains high. Mechanical ventilation is an essential component of the care of patients with ARDS. Thus, many randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted, evaluating the effi cacy and safety of various methods of mechanical ventilation in order to adapt ventilatory setting to protect patients from ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and to treat them effectively. 24 Oct, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-130.php The authors describe a case of syringomyelia associated with Chiari malformation Type I in a patient who was referred to a respiratory service with features of obstructive sleep apnoea. The patient exhibited clinical features of scoliosis, hoarseness, sensory and motor neurological defi cit and vertical upbeat jerk nystagmus. The authors review the various factors in the pathogenesis of this unusual constellation of symptoms, signs and radiological fi ndings. 16 Oct, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-129.php Cystic fi brosis (CF) is the most common and fatal autosomal recessive genetic disease in euro-descendents. It affects about 85,000 people worldwide [1]. 13 Sep, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-128.php Background: A subpopulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) exists in cystic fi brosis (CF) patients that is hypersusceptible to ticarcillin, a carboxypenicillin, in vitro (Tichs strain) defi ned as a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤4μg/ml. 13 Jul, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-127.php Background: Thymic carcinomas (TC) are rare tumors with challenging diagnosis and management. We aimed to describe the clinical and microscopic characteristics of TC through a literature review. 14 Jun, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-126.php Background: Detection of dermatophytes by microbiological method is sometimes problematic and some atypical microscopic or macroscopic morphology are non-detectable. Due to morphological similarity and existing intermediate forms and variants, unequivocally separating these dermatophytes is not always straightforward, and sampling appropriate isolates for research is often troublesome. 09 Jun, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-125.php Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a term that describes a group of more than 200 lung disorders that show varying degrees of infl ammation and fi brosis of the pulmonary interstitium. The etiology and pathophysiology of many of these disorders still remains poorly understood and is the topic of ongoing research and debate. 29 May, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-124.php Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) presents with fragility of blood vessels, with high incidence of fatal hemorrhages in middle-age adults. We present a 38-year old female with vascular EDS presented to the emergency unit with spontaneous hemomediastinum and hemothorax. A selective arteriography showed a bronchial artery aneurysm that could be embolized. Coagulated hemothorax was cleared up using intrapleural instillation of urokinase. 24 May, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-123.php The inhalation route remains the mainstay of therapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This confers a number of advantages such as delivery of medication directly to the site of action resulting in faster onset. 19 May, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-122.php Background and objective: Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of the most lung diseases where exсessive ROS production and prooxidant/antioxidant imbalance greatly contribute to disease progression. We have used severe hypoxia in sessions of repeated H/R of different duration as a model of lung pathologic states to investigate mitochondrial oxidative stress intensity, protein expression/activity of antioxidant enzymes manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD),glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 as well as protein expression of their upstream regulators: p53 and nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-kB). 03 May, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-121.php Cystic lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of pathologies which differential diagnosis can be complicated [1]. We are going to comment some aspects that we should know about cystic lung diseases to facilitate a better understandingand clinical management of these entities. 20 Apr, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-120.php Introduction: Mucoproduction plays an important role in the processes of tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mucins hypersecretion has been associated with alterations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. 11 Apr, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-119.php Aim: To examine whether caloric intake during the fi rst week of age infl uences the risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in extremely preterm infants. 06 Apr, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-118.php A autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) patient with persistent disease underwent 3 Whole Lung Lavages (WLLs), 10 plasmapheresis sessions and further 3 WLL, from October 2004 to May 2007. 18 Mar, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-117.php Objective: Although, the use of humidifi cation during non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an important factor in decreasing nasal airway resistance and assuring patient’s comfort and adherence; many in-vitro studies recommend switching off the humidifi er while delivering aerosol to NIV patients. 13 Mar, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-116.php Objective: To evaluate the utility of inspiratory capacity (IC) measured by simple spirometry as an indirect measure of air trapping. 06 Mar, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-3-115.php Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by a complex range of pathological changes including both pulmonary and systemic effects. Several mechanisms contribute to the variable intermediate and clinically relevant disease phenotypes, such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and systemic disease. 24 Aug, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-2-114.php Abstract Introduction: The research found consistent associations between workplace exposures across a wide range of sectors and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) independently of or in concert with cigarette smoking. 11 Aug, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-2-113.php Abstract Objectives: The objective of the research was to determine and compare the effectiveness of structured counseling to improve adherence and continuation of directly observed treatment (DOTS). As multi drug resistance (MDR) is common due to default among TB patients, to overcome that counseling can play an important role. 06 Aug, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-2-112.php Introduction Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease of unknown etiology that leads to the development of severe precapillary pulmonary hypertension [ 1 - 3 ], characterized by impaired regulation of both pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular growth.’ The responsiveness to vasodilator therapy in patients with PAH varies considerably [ 4 , 5 ]. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation has a deleterious effect on lung tissues. 04 Jul, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-2-111.php Citation: Butt A, Cavallazzi R, Gauhar U (2016) Interventional Pulmonology in 2015: A Survey of Practice Patterns and Future Directions of this Emerging Field. Arch Pulmonol Respir Care 2(1): 020-023. Archives of Pulmonology and Respiratory Care 020 Abstract Background: Interventional Pulmonology (IP) training through formal fellowship programs have become increasingly popular over the last several years. There is a dearth of data on the current practice of IP in the United States. The objective of this study was to identify the practice patterns of current IP practitioners. 30 Jun, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-2-110.php Abstract Objectives: Empyema thoracis is a common thoracic disease seen in both developing and developed countries. Despite modern management techniques, this condition is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has become an established mode of treatment for this condition; however the first-line approach and timing of surgical intervention remains controversial. 18 Mar, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-2-109.php Abstract Background/Objectives : The association between asthma and mental health disorders is well known, both anxiety and depression being the most common ones. The aim is to determine the proportion of anxiety and/or depression in an asthmatic population compared to a non-asthmatic one in a Primary Care centre. Secondary objectives: Assess the association between the severity of asthma and its level of control and anxiety and/or depression. 07 Mar, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-2-108.php Abstract Pulmonary blastomas are a rare aggressive neoplasms comprising 0.25-0.5% of all primary lung tumors and portend a poor prognosis. Recent World Health Orgnisation (WHO) reclassifications separated well differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma and pleuropulmonary blastoma from classic biphasic pulmonary blastoma which is now among carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid or sarcomatous elements. The clinical and radiologic features are nonspecific. 19 Jan, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-2-107.php Abstract Introduction. Sensitizer-induced occupational asthma (OA) has significant health and socioeconomic outcomes in affected subjects. Objective. To evaluate clinical and functional outcomes of sensitizer-induced OA in bakers and cotton workers three to five years after cessation of exposure to the offending workplace agent. 17 Nov, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-1-106.php Abstract People ascending to high altitude regions are at risk for a variety of health problems, commonly including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) etc. Increasing travel to mountainous terrains has brought light to several other medical problems as well. It has been well recognized that a hypercoagulable state exists when a person is exposed to high altitude environment. This may manifest as early thromboembolic episodes, which may result in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or acute pulmonary embolism (PE), which is a potentially fatal condition. The various effects of thrombosis include pulmonary thrombo-embolism (PTE), cerebral venous thrombosis, portal/splenic vein thrombosis, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Out of all these conditions, PTE is an extremely common and highly lethal condition that is a leading cause of death in all age groups. Exposure to high altitude (HA), either during air travels, ascension of mountains, or while engaging in sports activities results in hyper coagulability thus predisposing to thromboembolic events. 09 Nov, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-1-105.php Abstract A multidisciplinary team approach to diagnosis and management of interstitial lung diseases (ILD) is considered gold standard and an integral part of ILD management and guidelines. The accurate diagnosis and management of individuals with ILDs poses an interesting challenge in clinical practice. 07 Jul, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-1-104.php Abstract Background: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease characterized by abnormally beating cilia. In these patients levels of nasal nitric oxide (nNO) are lower than those observed in healthy subjects. Objectives: We recorded the nNO levels in PCD patients in order to use those nNO measurements in the screening and identification of patients with symptoms suggestive of disease PCD disease. 22 Jun, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-1-103.php Introduction Localized Tracheo-bronchial Amyloidosis (TBA) represents a rare benign tumor causing irregular and complex airway stenosis due to the deposition of insoluble fibril proteins in airway wall [11. Fiorelli A, Accardo M, Ciancia G, Pettinato G, Santini M (2014) Isolated mediastinal amyloidosis mimicking a neoplastic lesion. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 62: 324-326.,22. Fiorelli A, Accardo M, Galluccio G, Santini M (2013) Tracheobronchial amyloidosis treated by endobronchial laser resection and self-expanding Y stent. Arch Bronconeumol 49: 303-305.]. Its management may require repeated interventions to treat recurrences and maintain airway patency. We report the clinical course of a patient with symptomatic localized recurrent TBA who was repeatedly treated using different bronchoscopic procedures over a period of three and half years from the first resection. 09 Jun, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Pulmonology-Respiratory-Care/APRC-1-102.php Background Asthma represents one of the most common medical conditions encountered during pregnancy, which occurs in 3 to 8 % of pregnant women [11. Namazy JA, Schatz M (2005) Pregnancy and asthma: recent developments. Curr Opin Pulm Med 11: 56-60. ]. Pregnancy may be associated with changes in the course of asthma, and asthma may affect the outcome of pregnancy. Although the incidence of severe asthma during pregnancy is low (0.4%-1.3%), its consequences on mother and fetus can be disastrous [22. Tan KS, Thompson NC (2000) Asthma in pregnancy. Am J Med 109: 727-733.]. Albeit small, significant increase in complications of pregnancy in asthmatic women such as perinatal mortality, pre-eclampsia, preterm deliveries or low birth weight infants are being registered [33. Grewal P, Mulla ZD, Simon MR (2008) Effect of Maternal Asthma on Pregnancy Outcomes: An Analysis of Texas Hospital Data. AEP 18: 735-736. ]. 09 Jun, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/APRC-1-101.php Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive disease involving inflammation of the airways with pulmonary parenchymal destruction that results in airflow obstruction and is a common cause of disability, hospital admission and premature death. Although a preventable and treatable disease, it is commonly associated with comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and depression. The major symptom is dyspnea; other manifestations include poor exercise tolerance, chronic cough, sputum production, wheeze and respiratory failure [11. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care (partial update issued June 2010). Clinical Guideline 101. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Available from (Last accessed: January 24, 2014). 2010.].