https://www.organscigroup.us/journals/archive-of-urological-research A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 30 Jan, 2026 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-10-156.php Background: Hypertension is a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Nepal, prevalence is rising, yet determinants of blood pressure (BP) control remain insufficiently understood. This study examined socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with BP control among hypertensive patients attending a tertiary hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the cardiology outpatient department of Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, between July and August 2018. A total of 360 hypertensive patients, aged ≥18 years with at least one year since diagnosis, were recruited using convenience sampling. Data on socio-demographics, hypertension knowledge, and lifestyle practices were collected using a validated bilingual questionnaire. BP was measured twice, and control was defined as &lt;140/90 mmHg. Logistic regression was applied to identify independent predictors of BP control. Results: The mean age of participants was 50.8 ± 15.3 years; 59.4% were female, 52.5% resided in rural areas, and 48.9% lived in joint families. Overall, 21.9% (79/360) of participants achieved BP control, while 78.1% (281/360) were uncontrolled. Logistic regression showed that rural residence (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.27–0.84, p = 0.012), alcohol use (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13–0.58, p = 0.001), and family history of hypertension (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28–0.89, p = 0.021) were associated with poorer control. Conversely, joint family structure (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.10–2.08, p = 0.011) and reported normal salt intake (~5 g/day) (OR 7.69, 95% CI 2.68–22.0, p &lt; 0.001) were positively associated with BP control. Conclusion: Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors strongly influence BP control in Nepal. Strengthening rural outreach, promoting family-based interventions, and delivering culturally appropriate counseling on alcohol reduction and dietary salt are essential. Future community-based longitudinal studies are recommended to validate these findings and inform national strategies. 18 Jan, 2025 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-9-155.php A 13 year old post pubertal nomadic girl came to us with a history of recurrent lower abdominal pain and urinary incontinence of 3 years duration. She also had intermittent hematuria. She also stated that her late (mentally deranged) mother had inserted multiple needles into her (patient’s) vagina when she was 5 years of age. She underwent a successful 2 stage surgical procedure for removal of the needles, calculus and repair of the fistula. 30 Oct, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-8-154.php Objectives: To explore the long-term outcomes in foetuses presenting with an enlarged bladder antenatally. Methods - Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted over a 15-year period between 2003 and 2018. Setting and participants: Foetuses suspected to have enlarged bladders antenatally were included. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Analyses were done based on the trimester the enlarged bladder was detected, live births, terminations, surgical interventions, creatinine levels and bladder measurements post-delivery, and subsequent health outcomes. Results: From the 50 foetuses identified prenatally, detections were as follows: first trimester (9 cases), second trimester (30 cases), and third trimester (11 cases). There were 14 terminations (28%), 5 stillbirths (10%), and 31 live births (62%). Among the terminated and stillbirth/neonatal death cases, the most frequent diagnosis in males was PUV (57%). Two female foetuses were terminated due to lumbosacral spina bifida and sacrococcygeal teratoma obstructing the ureters, respectively. In surviving males, PUV was predominant (48.3% of 29 males). In five cases megacystis had resolved by birth, including one following in-utero surgery. Among the two female cases, one issue was resolved by birth, and the second had bilateral ureteroceles. Post-birth, surgical intervention was needed in 61% of males and 50% of females. The commonest surgery was ablation of posterior urethral valves. The median age for surgery was 1.5 months with a median follow-up of 4 years and the longest follow-up of fourteen years. Six children had no postnatal renal or urological follow-up. The mean peak creatinine level was 132, dropping to 47 in the latest measurement. Half of the patients with pathology evident at birth exhibited abnormal bladder function. There was one neonatal death. Three patients necessitated a kidney transplant due to chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: Foetuses diagnosed with an enlarged bladder in the second trimester most frequently had the posterior urethral valve as the underlying cause. For patients continuing the pregnancy, most had live births. About 1 in 10 posterior urethral valve survivors developed chronic kidney conditions, leading to a renal transplant. 15 Oct, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-8-153.php Purpose: The aim of the study is to investigate the association between serum levels of cortisol and erectile function in healthy men aged 45-60 years. Material and methods: The serum level of cortisol was measured. The international index of erectile function-5 items (IIEF-5) was used to assess the erectile function. Data were gathered on the age of participants, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, family history of cardiovascular disease, and their habits including alcohol consumption and smoking. Two subgroups were defined, based on the IIEF-5 total score: the normal erectile function group with an IIEF-5 total score ≥ 22 points, and the erectile dysfunction group with an IIEF-5 total score &lt;22 points. Results: A positive significant correlation was found between cortisol levels and IIEF-5 total score (r = 0.299, p = 0.003). Cortisol level and IIEF-5 total score showed negative significant correlations with BMI (r = -0.276, p = 0.004), (r =-0.193, p = 0.041), respectively; and waist circumference (r = -0.319, p = 0.001), (r = -0.283, p = 0.003), respectively. Men with normal erectile function had significantly higher cortisol levels (377 nmol/L vs. 308 nmol/L, p = &lt;0.001); significantly lower BMI (25 kg/m2 vs. 27 kg/m2, p = 0.005), and waist circumference (97 cm vs. 104 cm, p = &lt;0.001) compared to men with erectile dysfunction. In multivariate regression analysis adjusted for the age of participants, alcohol consumption, smoking, and family history of cardiovascular disease, IIEF-5 total score showed a significant negative association only with waist circumference (β = -0.194, p = 0.031, 95% CI = -0.370, -0.018). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a significant positive association between serum levels of cortisol and erectile function in healthy men. This association seems, however, to be affected by variations in body parameters, mainly waist circumference in such men. 10 Sep, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-8-152.php Purpose: To explore the association between marital status and testosterone, and cortisol serum levels in 119 healthy men aged 45 to 60 years representing the general population. Material and Methods: Data on men’s age, waist circumference, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and marital status were collected. Serum levels of LH, testosterone, and cortisol were also measured. Two groups were identified according to marital status: paired (married, living together, and living apart) and unpaired men (divorced or separated). Results: The participants had a mean age of 55 (± 4.0 years). Testosterone level was significantly lower in paired as compared to unpaired men (14 nmol/L vs. 19 nmol/L, p = 0.01). The opposite trend was found regarding cortisol levels (350 nmol/L vs. 293 nmol/L, p = 0.01). No significant differences between the two groups were found regarding men’s age, body mass index, waist circumference, and LH level (p > 0.05). Using a multivariate regression analysis test adjusted for men’s age, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, and alcohol consumption; a significant negative association between marital status and testosterone level (β = -04.00; 95% CI = -7.00, -1.00; p = 0.01), and a significant positive association between marital status and cortisol level (β = 47.00; 95% CI = 6.00, 89.00; p = 0.03) were found. Conclusions: Paired men were associated with lower testosterone levels. These findings might be partially explained by the concomitant higher cortisol level found in this group of men. 20 Aug, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-8-151.php Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which insoluble proteins called amyloids deposit in tissues and cause problems with body functions. It is not a form of cancer but is a serious condition. It may be symptomatic or localized. The latter is a rare condition and the affection of the ureter has been reported in fewer than 50 cases so far. This case is unique because of its presentation with features of a urothelial tumor of the upper tract and bilateral involvement of the ureter. The affection of the ureters was separated by more than a decade. Given the knowledge gained after treating the first lesion, it was possible to anticipate and suspect a similar lesion affecting the other ureter. A conservative and reconstructive surgery was performed with gratifying results. 20 Aug, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-8-150.php A 33-year-old female patient who presented with urinary retention was found to have a large pelvic mass that was initially diagnosed as a pedunculated posterior wall uterine mass. Further evaluation revealed the mass to be a dumbbell-shaped neural tumor that extended into the sacral canal, corresponding to sacral segments 2, 3, and 4. The patient experienced no neurological deficits. The pelvic part of the tumor was eventually excised and the tumor portion in the sacral canal remained in place. The patient was followed up for 2 years and remained free of urological and neurological symptoms. Histological evaluation of the excised mass demonstrated that it was a neurofibroma. 12 Jun, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-8-149.php With trauma representing the leading cause of death in children, and renal injuries representing a large proportion of that trauma, understanding the appropriate management of renal injuries is vital to preventing pediatric morbidity and mortality. Cases involving aberrant anatomy are even more crucial to understand as there is less data on appropriate management. Here, a case is presented of a 7-year-old male presenting after a horse kick to the abdomen resulting in traumatic disruption of a previously unknown horseshoe kidney and the subsequent conservative management. The patient presented with abdominal pain, leukocytosis, and elevated liver function enzymes. An abdominal and pelvic Computed Tomography (CT) demonstrated a horseshoe kidney with a grade IV laceration to the isthmus and left lower pole of the kidney resulting in fracture/disruption of previously fused horseshoe kidneys. Additionally, there was a large retroperitoneal hematoma and hemoperitoneum. The patient was successfully managed with observation, and hemodynamic monitoring and has had resolution of hematoma and preserved kidney function through 8 months of follow-up. In conclusion, this is an example of how a patient with complicated renal anatomy can be managed conservatively to model for potential future cases. 22 May, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-8-148.php Mullerianosis is a rare benign lesion consisting of an admixture of two or more of the following tissues: endometriosis, endocervicosis, and endosalpingiosis. It most commonly affects the urinary bladder and females of reproductive age group. Müllerianosis of the bladder is an extremely rare entity with fewer than 30 cases reported. Herein we report one such rare case of mullerianosis of the urinary bladder in a 33-year-old female who had undergone cesarian section 2 years back, presented with painless hematuria associated with menstruation. USG revealed a soft tissue lesion measuring 23×11 mm abutting the wall of the urinary bladder and extending into it. These findings were suspicious for endometriosis. The patient was admitted to the hospital for transurethral resection of a bladder lesion (TURBT). Operative findings revealed a solid 2x2 cm mass in the posterior wall of the urinary bladder. Superficial and deep TURBT chips were sent for histopathological examination. On microscopic examination, there were variable-sized glands lined by endometrial, endocervical, or tubal epithelium embedded in the bladder wall. The case was diagnosed as mullerianosis of the urinary bladder. As this rare entity, since it mimics benign and malignant neoplasms clinically and radiologically, pathologists should be aware of this rare entity to avoid misdiagnosis, which has great therapeutic implications for the patient. 10 Feb, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-8-147.php Background: For the majority of renal injuries, non-operative management is the standard of care with nephrectomy reserved for those with severe trauma. The aim of our study is to assess the characteristics of perinephric hematoma and other prognostic factors of surgical intervention for high-grade renal trauma independent of AAST OIS. Materials and methods: A total of 119 patients with high-grade renal trauma from January 2005 to September 2021 were identified for analysis. Hospital records and diagnostic imaging were reviewed to identify the need for surgical intervention, including total and partial nephrectomy. Factors examined include patient age, gender, ISS (Injury severity score), AAST-OIS, laceration location, length and number, perinephric hematoma characteristics, intravascular contrast extravasation, and devitalized segment status. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were performed as appropriate. Results: The mean patient age was 31,39 and the mean ISS was 22,80. A total of 24 surgical interventions were required (20%) including partial and total nephrectomy. On univariate analysis, hypotension on admission, hematoma diameter, degree of devitalized fragment superior of 25%, and AAST OIS grade was associated with the need for surgical intervention. On multivariate analysis, only hypotension on admission (p: 0,029), hematoma diameter greater than 3,5 cm (p: 0,021), and AAST-OIS grade (p: 0,010 ) remained independently associated with surgical intervention. Conclusion: Perinephric hematoma size remains among prognostic factors for surgical intervention that allow better stratification of renal lesions and its study allows a better management of high-grade renal trauma. 23 Nov, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-7-146.php Introduction: A varicocele is a vascular lesion characterised by dilatation and tortuosity of the veins of the pampiniform plexus and is found in approximately one-fifth of the adult male population. It is the most common cause of treatable infertility. Physical examination may or may not show a varicocele which is mostly diagnosed only when patients present with infertility or adolescents during a physical examination, like testicular hypotrophy, impairment in spermatogenesis mainly in the form of low or absent count, decreased sperm motility, and abnormal sperm morphology. Treatment for varicocele includes medical therapies, radiological embolization, and surgical techniques. Medical therapy, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, has been utilized with variable success. Radiological embolization of varicocele is a new technique in the treatment of varicocele, but it is associated with high recurrences and high cost. Varicoceles are surgically treated either by open or laparoscopic approaches the principal aim being occlusion of the dilated veins of the pampiniform plexus. A definitive conclusion of indication of medical treatment cannot be drawn at present because most published studies have inadequate design and lack controls. Various studies in the past have concluded significant changes in sperm parameters (total count, motility, morphology) post-varicocele repair. However, few other studies suggest no improvement in sperm parameters following surgical varicocele repair and studies that conclude recommendations against repair of varicocele. Thus, conflicting opinions have opened the scope to establish this fact by this study. Aim: To evaluate changes in sperm morphology, sperm count, and sperm motility in a patient with varicocele after varicocele surgery. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, North Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College & Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India from August 2019 to February 2021. The sample size was calculated to be 50 using Slovin’s formula with a confidence level of 95% with a margin error taken as 5% (p - value 0.05). Sperm morphology, sperm count, and sperm motility were the parameters studied before and after 3 months of surgery. Results: The majority of patients belonged to the age group of 18 to 25 years (42%) followed by 26 to 35 years (40%) (27.78 ± 6.547 years). Left-sided varicocele was more common (54%), followed by bilateral varicocele (42%). Varicocele grade II was most common (58%) followed by grade I (30%) and lastly grade III (12%). Total sperm count improved by 8.88 million per ml after varicocelectomy. Total sperm motility improved by 6.08% after the surgery. Total normal sperm forms improved by 6.44% after varicocele repair. Conclusion: Based on the findings it was concluded that Varicocelectomy results in significant improvement in total sperm count, total sperm motility, and total normal sperm morphology. The best improvement was seen in sperm count followed by total normal sperm forms and lastly total sperm motility. 20 Sep, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-7-145.php Escherichia coli-induced urinary tract infections (E.coli-UTIs) are considered one of the most prevalent infections in Iran. One of the important factors of pathogenicity, particularly in its binding to epithelial cells, is the presence of iutA and papG virulence genes in Escherichia coli (E.coli). Lactobacilli, as a group of probiotics, play a vital role in the body and are useful in some cases due to their therapeutic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the molecular activity of Lactobacillus casei PTCC1608 influences different strains of pathogenic E.coli isolated from urinary infections through PCR. In this study, the pathogenic strain of E.coli was isolated from the patients with Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) and analyzed by the use of the PCR method. Then, the strains with positive genotypes were isolated and the antimicrobial effect of Lactobacillus casei was evaluated through the disc diffusion and dilution methods in liquid medium. The antimicrobial effect of Lactobacillus casei on E.coli bacteria isolated from urine samples from 40 patients with UTI was studied. In addition, the results of the antibiotic sensitivity test at 1:10 dilution showed a growth inhibition zone of 9 mm. The results indicated that the isolated bacterium was not resistant to the ampicillin and the antibiotic treatment was effective for this strain. Moreover, the probiotic also plays a therapeutic role and can improve urinary infections. 02 May, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-7-144.php Folk medicine has been considered one of the novel remedies for treating cancers. Women's cancers are increasing worldwide, and disease recurrence has been a major threat all over the world. Our current study focused on the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by organic methods and their chemo-preventive capacity against the breast (MCF-7) and ovarian cancer (PA-1) cell lines from humans by employing MTT, Flow cytometry, and migration assays. Plant extracts in organic nanoparticle production have become more common in recent years due to their benefits, including affordability, effectiveness, simplicity and briefness. Melia azedarach leaf and fruit methanolic extracts were used to successfully create silver nanoparticles simultaneously to evaluate the potency and efficacy of the extracts. Characterization studies were performed using synthesized M. azedarach silver nanoparticles (MA-AgNPs). A typical SPR peak was discovered ranging from 400 nm (leaf) and 427 nm (fruit) using absorption spectroscopy, with an average particle size of 92.5 nm (leaf) and 124.1 (fruit) nm. The zeta potential for Melia leaves and fruits was found to be -20.9 and -31.2 mV for the extracts. The relevant functional groups for the capping agent found in the extracts and silver nanoparticles formed as a result of the reduction of silver nitrate were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumonia would be useful in new antimicrobial medications being developed. MCF-7 and PA-1 cell lines were found to be more susceptible to the cytotoxic action of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles that were synthesized exhibited extremely positive anti-cancer activity. 24 Mar, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-7-143.php Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RARP) is the gold standard surgical treatment for localized clinically significant prostate cancer. In patients undergone previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, it can be difficult to perform and it is also contraindicated execution of radiotherapy. We have described step-by-step the first case of RARP performed with the robotic system HugoTM RAS in a patient previously subjected to proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis packaging for ulcerative colitis. The procedure was found to be safe and feasible, with intra- and post-operative data overlapping those of the same procedure in the general population. Execution by an experienced surgeon is in any case recommended. 21 Mar, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-7-142.php Several lesions of the bladder are incidental findings and a few of them are seen against a background of bladder outlet obstruction. Tuberculosis of the bladder is associated with characteristic lesions and changes. Presented here is a never-seen-before bladder lesion in a patient presenting with symptoms of Bladder Outlet Obstruction due to an enlarged tuberculous prostate, and no evidence of tuberculous cystitis.  07 Dec, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-6-141.php Renal duplexing (also known as a duplicate collection system) occurs in about 1% of children and does not usually require medical attention. The condition results in two tubes rather than the normal single ureter tube for each kidney. Medical problems that warrant attention are obstruction of urine flow or the backflow of urine into the kidney (reflux). These double ureter tubes can join in a "y" shape before reaching the bladder (partial duplex) and combining their urine delivery. In other cases, each duplicate ureter empties into the bladder on its own (complete duplex). There is cause for concern when a duplex kidney is associated with urological conditions requiring treatment. 20 Oct, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-6-139.php Purpose: To compare accuracy in predicting final Gleason Grade Group (GGG) of Prostate Cancer (PCa) of US/MRI fusion guided target (fBx) vs. systematic Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided (TRUS) biopsy, using histopathologic analysis at prostatectomy as the gold standard. Materials and methods: After obtaining IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed records of patients who underwent Radical Prostatectomy (RP) from January 2014 through May 2019 with prior US/MRI fusion guided target or TRUS biopsy. The rates of upgrading (RP GGG > BX GGG), downgrading (RP GGG &lt; BX GGG), and concordance (RP GGG = BX GGG) were compared between the fBx and TRUS groups. Age, PSA, PSA density, and prostate volume were also noted for all patients. Statistical analysis was utilized to assess the data. Results: A total of 348 men with complete clinical data were included in this study. The rate of downgrading and upgrading in the fBx group was less than in the TRUS biopsy group (14% vs. 19.6%, and 13.2% vs. 19.6%, respectively). The concordance rate was higher in the US-MR fBx group (72.9% vs. 60.7%, p &lt; 0.05)) across all GGG. Notably, lower rates of concordance were found for GGG 1 (24.1%) and GGG 4 (3.6%) in the TRUS Bx group. Patients who underwent US-MR fBx had higher average PSA (9.4 vs. 6.5 ng/ml), higher PSA density (0.3 vs. 0.2 ng/ml2), and lower prostate volume (31 vs. 42 cc). Additionally, biopsy results showed a lower rate of GGG 1 (3.1% vs. 13.2%) and a higher rate of GGG 5 (14.7% vs. 5.5%) in the US-MR fBx group. Conclusions: Target biopsy has a higher GGG concordance compared to TRUS biopsy (72.9% vs. 60.7%, p &lt; 0.05). In addition, there was less downgrading or upgrading of final PCa GGG in the fBx groups compared to TRUS Bx (14% vs. 19.6%, 13.2% vs. 19.6%, respectively). This finding may have important implications for treatment decisions. 14 Oct, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-6-138.php Background: A prostatic biopsy is a diagnostic test used in cases of suspected prostate cancer. The patient expresses significant levels of anxiety from the very first outpatient visits; anxiety and pain management is essential for a successful outcome of the procedure. Lavender oil is one of the essential oils that is commonly used in aromatherapy to reduce anxiety and pain, its low toxicity and side effects have made it the preferred treatment in complementary medicine. Aim: To assess the 'effectiveness of lavender scent in decreasing the levels of anxiety and pain in patients undergoing a prostatic biopsy. Methods: An interventional non-pharmacological, randomized, two-arm, multi-center, nonprofit study. The SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital and the City of Alessandria Clinic, Monza Polyclinic of Alessandria, will enroll consecutively all adult patients undergoing outpatient prostatic biopsy from April 1, 2022, to October 1, 2022. The Numerical Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale will be used for assessments. Conclusion: Lavender oil aromatherapy could have a clinically significant effect on reducing pain and anxiety during prostatic biopsy procedures; its simple use, safety, and low cost provide a therapeutic option to be considered, complementary to other medical interventions in certain clinical settings. 11 May, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-6-137.php Objectives: Complication of obstetric fistula is the formation of bladder stones which rarely occur in Vagina-Vesico Fistula (VVF) patients. In this study, the metal and organic characterization of bladder stones removed between 2010-2019 from vesicovaginal fistula patients managed at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre (NOFIC), Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria were carried out. Methods: The solubility of the bladder stones in different solvents were investigated and metal compositions were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OESS). The qualitative chemical composition was determined following standard procedures while the structural chemical characterization and functional groups were determined using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: Distilled water and aqueous solvent chloroform extract of W. lateritia demonstrated significant capacity to dissolve bladder stones in-vitro. Chemical compounds identified include uric acid, oxalate, cysteine, and phosphate from the bladder stones. The metals found in the bladder stones were: Ca, Na, Cu, Zn, Mg, B, Pb, and Al. Trace elements can influence the external morphology of growing crystals and may increase or decrease the speed of the crystallization process. The GC-MS revealed the presence of the following compounds: methyl 2-Hydroxyethyl sulfoxide; methylene chloride; mercaptamine;1,1diethoxy, dichloroactealdehyde; Cyclopentasiloxane; monoammonium salt; di-Allo-Cystathionine; dichloroacetaldehyde; 2-(2Furyl)-2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran; Methenamine; 1,1-Difluoro-1-sila-5-thiacyclooctane; Triacetonetriperoxde; 4-Aminosalicylic acid, 3-Trimethylsilyl (3TMS) derivative;Pentanethiol; and 2,5-Bis-(5-hexyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborinan-2-yloxy)-benzene. FTIR revealed the following: hydroxyl, carboxylic, ester, aromatic, and aliphatic groups, confirming the compounds identified. Conclusion: Metals (Mg, Ca, Pb, etc), organic metabolites (oxalate, cystine, uric acid, phosphate, methenamine, methylene chloride, 4-Aminosalicylic acid, 3-Trimethylsilyl, etc) were found in the bladder stones. 30 Nov, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-136.php The OEIS complex comprises a constellation of complex and severe malformations of the abdominal wall, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, and spinal cord. The malformation results from improper closure of the ventral abdominal wall due to failure of convergence of cephalo-caudal and lateral folding of the embryo during early gestation. The rarity of the condition suggests etiologic heterogeneity and the possible role of environmental and genetic factors. We present clinical and imaging findings of the OEIS complex in a neonate. 10 Aug, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-135.php Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly affected millions around the globe. The infection and the restrictions applied to eradicate it carry with them physical and mental consequences related to stress and change of daily habits. In our case report, we describe the effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on urinary and bowel symptoms, as well as the mental health. Our patient was followed during a period of three lockdowns. Urinary and bowel symptoms as well as mental health were reported by a pelvic floor physiotherapist, using validated questionnaires, throughout lockdown and non-lockdown periods. Results: Our results show that during lockdown periods, there is a transient decrease in patient’s quality of life, which improved in the non-lockdown periods. Conclusion: COVID-19 restrictions alter patient’s physical and mental health, indirectly related to the viral infection. Many patients may suffer from worsening urinary, bowel and mental symptoms that may need closer surveillance during lockdown periods. Healthcare workers should emphasize the importance of keeping a routine during lockdown periods and preventive measures should be taken in the form of home exercises instructions and phone follow up. 12 Jun, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-134.php Intrauterine device is the commonest method of reversible contraception worldwide. It’s trans vesical migration or misplacement is a very rare complication with a high ratio of calculi formation. We present a case of a 39-year old patient with a large vesical stone prolapse in vagina lumen measuring 15.36 cm × 8.87 cm weighing 450 grams on a intra uterine copper contraceptive dispositive complicated with a large vesical fistula. The a lithotomy was performed via the low approach. The management of the fistula was done 3 months later. Giant bladder stone on an intra uterine contraceptive device is a very rare clinical entity. monitoring of intrauterine contraceptive devices is necessary. 20 May, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-133.php In 2004 Griffiths published: “Detrusor Contractility: Order Out of Chaos” [1]. It was a critical assessment of the many competing ways of assessing detrusor contractility in the urodynamic clinic. Different isovolumetric methods and pressure flow studies were considered. 26 Apr, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-132.php Background: Interstitial Cystitis / Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) patients often experience lowered quality of life due to pain, urinary urgency, and increases in urinary frequency. Like many chronic pain disorders, IC/BPS is poorly understood and treatment unsatisfactory. Materials and methods: We prospectively monitored the effects on pain and urinary complaints, of mirabegron associated with amitriptyline, for randomly selected women with IC/BPS. Results: Twenty-five women were randomly selected to treat pain symptoms of IC/BPS and 12 followed up until the end of the study. All patients showed improvement on all questionnaires referring to pain IC/BPS symptoms and urinary storage symptoms. There was no statistically significant improvement in urinary frequency. Conclusions: We suggest that mirabegron can work controlling urinary urgency and pain of IC/BPS patients. 21 Apr, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-131.php Objective: To investigate the effect of PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy) in the treatment of upper urinary tract calculi in oblique supine lithotomy position and prone position. Methods: Retrospectively collected data from 184 patients and 80 patients who underwent PCNL in prone and oblique supine lithotomy position respectively in our hospital from 2016 to 2019. The intraoperative and postoperative observation indicators were compared to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of oblique supine lithotomy position. Results: A total of 264 patients were recruited, PCNL in the treatment of upper urinary tract calculi in oblique supine lithotomy position (n=80) compared to prone position (n=184) had significantly shorter operation time (49.03±12.64min, 62.14±14.82min, P=0.032), higher stone removal rate in first week (82.5%>69.0%,P=0.023), lower Hb (Hemoglobin) reduction (9.94±3.62,12.83±4.01,P&lt;0.01) and lower possibility of fever (8.7%,25.5%,P=0.002); patients who underwent PCNL in oblique supine lithotomy position had significantly lower renal pelvis pressure(18.70 ± 4.06mmHg, 26.28 ± 3.42mmHg, P &lt;0.01)AT the same time, PCT (Postoperative inflammatory markers) were significantly increased when intraoperative renal pelvis hypertension occurred and the duration was more than 5min Conclusion: The oblique supine lithotomy position was associated with shorter operation time, lower renal pelvis pressure, incidence of postoperative related complications and combination of percutaneous nephroscope with ureteroscope under special condition, which is of great significance. 10 Apr, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-130.php Malakoplakie is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease, which usually affects the genitourinary tract and less frequently other sites such as, kidney, ureter, bladder, bone, lung, skin, gastrointestinal tract and ovary. We report a case of ovarian malakoplakie in a patient on anti-inflammatory admitted to the emergency room for a painful hypogastric mass, from the left iliac pit. 12 Feb, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-129.php Persistent urachal anomalies are rare congenital lesions of the urinary tract. They result from the failed obliteration of the urachus and are classified according to persistent segment of the urachus. Patent urachus represents complete connection between the bladder and the umbilicus. An unique to newborns form of patent urachus is bladder prolapse inferior to umbilical cord, through the widely patent urachus. This is the least common urachal abnormality, however, because of very characteristic fetal ultrasound picture, can be diagnosed prenatally which allows for the proper treatment after the birth. We report a case of prenatally diagnosed patent urachus with bladder prolapse and its postnatal management. The literature on the subject is enclosed. 19 Jan, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-5-128.php Introduction: The main target in the treatment of proximal ureteral stones (PUS) is to provide a high stone-free rate (SFR) with low morbidity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the need for flexible ureteroscopy (URS) by retrospectively examining one surgeon’s two-year experience of URS for PUS in a center where the flexible ureteroscope and holmium laser lithotriptor are available. Patients and methods: The medical records of all patients who underwent URS due to PUS by a single surgeon from November 2016 to November 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Success was accepted as patient with no stones or clinically insignificant residual fragments (<4>5 cm to UPJ, two of nine stones required the use of flexible URS. 34 of 40 stones with a distance of &lt;5 cm to UPJ required the use of flexible URS. 24 of 26 stones with a distance of &lt;3 cm to UPJ required the use of flexible URS. Overall success rates were 100% (38/38) for pure PUS and 93.9% (46/49) for PUS with ipsilateral renal stones. Conclusion: URS is a safe and successful treatment in PUSs. As we have shown in our data, if we want to achieve high SFR with low comorbidity, we should always have flexible URS in the operating room and should use it if necessary. 29 Dec, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-127.php Parastomal or stomal varices are infrequently encountered with majority occurring secondary to portal hypertension. They can be a source of considerable morbidity, mandating hospitalization, blood transfusions, angiographic or surgical intervention and may even be fatal. We describe a rare instance of parastomal variceal bleeding in a patient who had undergone a radical cystectomy and ileal conduit-urinary diversion in 2011 for a high-grade muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, which was managed via simple suture-ligation. Though reported as a temporary measure, he remained stable till date. The point to note is that this approach is beneficial, especially in an emergent scenario- to avoid missing this unusual occurrence, at a usually missed site. 28 Dec, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-126.php Background: As we all know,The Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an emerging condition worldwide, has become an important public health problem. MetS is consistently associated with an increased risk of several cancers.This study aimed to evaluate the association between the MetS and tumor grade and stage of bladder cancer. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of 280 patients who were diagnosed bladder cancer from the Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital between May 2013 and January 2019. Clinical staging was determined accriding to the 2002 TNM classification. Tis,Ta and T1 tumors were accepted as lower stage and T2,T3 and T4 as higher stage. The histologic grade was determined according to the 2004 World Health Organization grading system. We evaluated the predictive risk factors for the bladder cancer and MetS, including age,sex,BMI,the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride. Analyses were completed using chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 280 patients in our study,225 were male and 55 were female. MetS was found in 84 patients. 148 patients had hpertension, 114 patients had diabetes mellitus and 129 had a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. MetS was significantly associated with histologic stage (P=0.021) of bladder cancer.In the binary logistic regression analysis, the presence of MetS predicts the risk of higher T stage(odds ratio=0.204,P=0.001). 27 Nov, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-125.php Background: The clear cell, chromophobe and papillary carcinoma as well as oncocytoma are the most common renal tumours. While cases of hybrid renal tumours are well known, the true collision renal tumour of oncocytoma and Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC) is still rare. Herein, we present a case of a true collision renal tumour of an oncocytoma and a PRCC as well as a review of the literature. Case presentation: A 53- year- old man presented with painless macroscopic haematuria and nocturia. While urethrocystoscopy showed no pathological findings of the bladder mucosa, a CT scan of the abdomen and thorax revealed a 12x17x16 cm renal mass. The patient underwent a subcostal transperitoneal radical left sided nephrectomy. Pathological examination revealed a true collision tumour of an oncocytoma and a PRCC; type 1, Fuhrman grade 2 (pT1a). No clinical, laboratory or radiological signs of local recurrence or distant metastases were seen during the nine-year follow-up period.  Conclusions: According to our and previous case reports, collision renal tumours consisting of an oncocytoma and a PRCC seems to have a good prognosis and does not require a specific follow-up program but rather can follow the standard program for PRCC. 28 Oct, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-124.php Introduction: Angiomyolipomas (AML) are the commonest benign renal tumors. Most are small and found incidentally, but some can reach sizes of >20cm (giant AMLs). Due to their risk of spontaneous hemorrhage, these giant AMLs are most commonly treated by surgical resection with or without preoperative Selective Arterial Embolization (SAE). To our knowledge, there have been no giant AML cases that were treated solely by SAE in the published English literature. Methods: We present a case of sporadic giant renal AML in a 26-year-old female patient solely treated with SAE. The patient initially presented with a painless right-sided abdominal mass. A Computed Tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis found multiple bilateral renal AMLs, the largest of which measured 25.3×19.6×9.4 cm arising from the right interpolar region. Subsequent screening tests show no features to suggest the presence of tuberous sclerosis. Result: A total of four cycles of SAE was performed using Lipiodol (ethiodized oil), absolute alcohol and polyvinyl alcohol particles over a period of 48 months. The patient experienced post-embolization syndrome which resolved with supportive treatment. At 80 months follow up, the largest AML in the right kidney had decrease in size from 25.3 to 13.9 cm. The patient was counselled about the increased risk of spontaneous rupture during any future pregnancy and has so far declined surgical resection of her AMLs. Conclusion: Multiple cycles of embolization have been shown to achieve a good response. SAE is a safe treatment modality and may be a viable nonsurgical option in the management of giant AMLs. 28 Oct, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-123.php Renal tumours are getting detected earlier and smaller owing to increase in imaging volume with renal cell carcinoma as one the top 10 most common cancer in Singapore. With ageing population, this is expected to be seen in patients with multiple co-morbidities raising challenges for surgical management. Exclusion of hepatic invasion by renal tumours in the anterior cortex is usually difficult. Access for biopsy and ablation of renal tumours at the anterior cortex is also an issue with trans-hepatic, retroperitoneal approaches risking injury to the liver and posterior aspect of the kidney and an anterior trans-peritoneal approach risking bowel perforation and tract seeding. The liver is an intra-peritoneal organ while the kidney is retroperitoneal. With this anatomical knowledge, we present a case which uses decubitus positioning to provide path for access, organ protection and to exclude hepatic involvement. This is free and serves as an example for cost saving measure in an economy of rising healthcare cost due to an aging population. 01 Oct, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-122.php In Japan, urinary tract infections in elderly women are increasing, whereas they did not occur in the past. The increase is proportional to the increase in the number of western-style toilets. 14 Sep, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-121.php Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) is an industrial solvent that has wide application, including the aviation sector. It has been investigated scientifically to determine its effect on various body fluids and organs, especially the male reproductive organ. This is a review of research studies carried out using EGME with emphasis on the reproductive organs, and my investigations conducted with the solvent and in combination with a herb. Since EGME is an industrial solvent, care should be taken when exposed to it and in the presence of herbal treatments. 14 Aug, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-120.php Statement of the problem: Urinary incontinence is defined as the loss of bladder control. In Western medicine, the treatment is hard to achieve and the need of surgery is common. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), urinary incontinence is caused by Kidney Yang deficiency. Purpose: To demonstrate it is possible to treat urinary incontinence, without the need of surgery. Methods: A case report of 55-years-old female patient, with urinary incontinence for around 30 years. After three years of the birth of her third and last child, all delivered by vaginal births, the symptoms appeared when she would sneeze or cough and worsened, requiring diapers for performing different activities, mainly when she had contact with water in her feet. Her gynecologist recommended her for surgery, but she refused for a long time and after years, she tried another treatment. She was diagnosed with Kidney-Yang deficiency and Blood deficiency according to TCM. She performed the procedure of radiesthesia, which resulted in level 1 of 8 in energy, the minimum possible. She started Chinese dietary therapy, auricular acupuncture, apex ear bloodletting, moxibustion. Findings: She had complete improvement of the symptoms in three Chinese dietary therapy, sessions of acupuncture, homeopathy and crystal-based medication, not needing to use diapers or sanitary pats anymore. Conclusion: Based on this case report, we conclude that it is possible to treat urinary incontinence without surgery. To this aim, we need to see the patient as a whole, considering the energy imbalances, which were causing urinary incontinence, using Chinese Nutritional Therapy, acupuncture, moxibustion, homeopathy and crystal-based medications. 20 Jul, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-119.php Fourteen medicinal plants native to North America and Europe traditionally used for treatment urinary tract infections (UTIs) were reviewed for their traditional uses, pharmacological activities, Active compounds responsible for its therapeutic potential, mechanism of action of its active compounds and In Vitro and In Vivo studies of its activity in treatment of UTIs. Those medicinal plants were Junipers (Juniperus spp.), Uva ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis, S. virgaurea and S. gigantea), Common nettle (Urtica dioica), Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), Corn silk (Stigma maydis), Couch grass (Agropyrum repens). Marshmallow root (Althaea officinalis), Hosretail (Equisetum arvense), Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Buchu (Agathosma betulina and A. crenulata) and Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium). All of those medicinal plants found to have various pharmaceutical activities making it potent herbal remedies for UTIs in addition to various human diseases. 06 Jun, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-118.php “CANCER” the word itself is sufficient to send shivers down anyone’s spine. Once diagnosed, a patient goes through phases of anger, anxiety, depression, followed by resilience and finally acceptance and adjustment. With all family and social support, a cancer patient looks forward to his treatment – both in terms of empathy as well as surgical/medical expertise from cancer specialists and subsequent “cancer-free survival”. 16 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-117.php Purple Urine Bag Syndrome (PUBS) is an unusual occurrence characterized by the purple coloration of the urine. 15 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-116.php Paraphimosis is an acute situation that emerges as a complication of a congenital or aquired phimosis. 12 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-115.php A 35yr old man old with no previous major clinical issues presented with a 2years history of radiating left flank pain and dysuria. 09 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-114.php Purpose: We performed a retrospective review of patients with bladder Extrophy, to analyse long term outcomes of bladder neck reconstruction and evaluate factors influencing urinary continence. 06 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-113.php Introduction: Hypospadias is the ectopic closure of the urethral meatus at the ventral surface of the penis. The diversity of techniques proposed to treat hypospadias has caused a great debate among urologists about the effectiveness of these techniques. The objective of our study is to develop the double Y glanduloplasty technique, expose and compare the results of this technique to improve the management of anterior hypospadias. Material and method: Our prospective study is conducted on 18 patients treated for anterior hypospadias with the double Y glanduloplasty technique between January 1, 2017 and June 30, 2019 in the pediatric visceral and urogenital surgery department at Mohamed VI- Oujda University Hospital. Results and discussion: Previous hypospadias was generally discovered by the mother in 45%. The average age of the PEC was 4.32 years. The anatomical varieties operated by the DYG technique were balanic and balanopruputial with equal percentages, 50% each. The most common malformation was incomplete foreskin (45%), followed by penis curvature (33%) and cryptorchidism (16%). 78% of the cases operated on were uncircumcised. The after-effects of the operation: were simple. The complication rate was 16% (2 cases of fistula, 1 case of partial meatus stenosis). 83% of parents were satisfied with the results. Conclusion: Comparison of double Y glanduloplasty with other techniques used in anterior hypospadias shows that complications are much less frequent with DYG, with satisfactory aesthetic and functional results. So we strongly recommend the use of this technique in glandular hypospadias with a mobile meatus and without deep curvature of the penis. 27 Apr, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-112.php Background: Chronic dysuria can be diagnostically challenging as it may be a symptom of a variety of conditions, including infectious, inflammatory, hormonal, and neoplastic etiologies. The evaluation of dysuria may encompass multiple diagnostic tests, including cultures, imaging, and instrumentation and lead to the potential overuse of antibiotics and analgesics. We sought to evaluate the association of dysuria and vulvar vestibule pain with periurethral anatomic lesions and response to treatment of same. Methods: Twelve women were referred for evaluation of chronic dysuria and periurethral or periclitoral burning. Patient ages ranged from 17 to 73 years (mean, 51; median, 46). All patients had a history of irritating urinary symptoms and dyspareunia and had failed courses of empiric antibiotics with negative urinary cultures. On physical examination, all patients were found to have tender punctate erythematous erosions of the midline periclitoral and periurethral mucosa. For 4 weeks, 3 patients were treated with topical estradiol cream and clobetasol to the periclitoral area and 9 were treated only with topical estradiol cream. 25 Apr, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-111.php Female epispadias without exstrophy is a very rare entity and occurs one in 480,000 female population. Early surgical reconstruction of the bladder neck,urethra and external genitalia is important in establishing urinary continence and to reduce psychological stress on the parents and child.In this case report we present a 25 year unmarried female presented with failure to achieve continence after bladder neck reconstruction at age 4year by urologist. Due to previous surgical failure, Patient developed psychological problems with poor esteem and wants a procedure which makes her life socially acceptable. A continent cutaneous urinary diversion was done at a single procedure with a follow up of 02 year. Patient is continent with pouch capacity about 400ml and emptying her pouch every 4hrly and actively involving in social activities, enjoying an excellent lifestyle, accepted body image and good personal satisfaction. 15 Apr, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-110.php Purpose: Laparoscopic and open approaches are considered equivalent surgical options for the management of abdominal undescended testes, the choice of which is dependent upon surgeon experience and preference. We questioned whether immediate post-operative complications were equivalent. Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data file was queried for laparoscopic and open orchiopexies of abdominal testes (54650, 54692) from 2012-2014. Data points included: age, ASA class, type of surgeon, length of stay, operative time, complications, immediate reoperation, and readmission. Statistical analyses included Student’s t-test and chi-square. 03 Apr, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-109.php Introduction: Oligospermia is a male fertility problem characterized by a low sperm count. In Western Medicine, the causes of male sterility are mostly unknown. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), oligospermia stems from Kidney deficiency. Purpose: To demonstrate which are the chakras and energy alterations leading to oligospermia and how can we treat it. Method: Two case reports. The first, C.X., a 29-year-old male, was diagnosed with non-obstructive oligospermia and second-degree left testicle varicocele. The seminal analysis found two spermatozoa per ml (6/4/2007). The TCM diagnosis was Yin/Qi Kidney Deficiency and Heat retention. The second patient named R, a 35-year-old male. He was trying to have a baby for three years without success. He was diagnosed with oligospermia (12 million per ml). The patient and his wife started treatment with Clomiphene, and after three months, the results showed less sperm than the first test (11 million per ml). A first IVF was done, with negative results. The couple searched for an energy-based treatment. He was diagnosed with Kidney Yin and Yang deficiency, Qi deficiency, Blood deficiency, and Heat retention. He received chakras measurement, with the use of radiesthesia. The result showed that on a scale from 1 to 8, the patient’s chakras were measured in the level 1 (the minimum). Both patients were treated with Chinese dietary counseling, auricular acupuncture, and apex ear bloodletting. The second patient received crystal-based medication and homeopathy. 19 Mar, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-108.php Background: The association of childhood urolithiasis with idiopathic hypercalciuria plus idiopathic hyperuricosuria has been infrequently reported in children. Treatments of childhood urolithiasis include treatment of the underlying metabolic, and the use of essential oil preparations of terpenic which contains pinene (31%), camphene (15%), borneol (10%), anethol (4%), fenchone (4%) and cineol (3%), which have been used with important benefits. Urinex (Pharco Co.) is the essential oil preparations mostly available in the Middle East. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the possible adjunctive role of essential oil preparations of terpenic in the management of serious childhood urolithiasis. 02 Mar, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-4-107.php Background: This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the urogenital traumas that constitutes a small part of children who were admitted to the emergency department, the classification of the injured organ, the conditions associated with the diagnosis and treatment. Material and Method: This retrospective cohort study included 254 patients younger than 18years of age who were admitted to the emergency department due to urogenital trauma between January 2014 and December 2018. Of these, 195(76.78%) were male, with a mean age of 8years (range, 1-15years). The demographic characteristics of these patients, types of trauma, examination results, classification of injured organs, diagnosis and treatment results were evaluated. 12 Dec, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-3-106.php Introduction: Testicular cancer carries a good prognosis, with survival rates over 70% at any stage. According to the GLOBOCAN database, Chile has the highest mortality rate worldwide, without a clear explanation of why this is the case. The objective of this study is to contrast the observed deaths in a chilean center during a 41-year period, to the national data previously reported by GLOBOCAN. 24 Sep, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-3-105.php Background: Gangrenous cystitis is an extremely rare condition with very few cases reported in literature. Diagnosis is often delayed due to the nonspecifi c symptoms. A multidisciplinary team approach and surgical debridement is usually required for management. 31 May, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-3-104.php Objective: Primary obstructive megaureter has always been considered a developmental defect. Surgical and conservative treatments were compared through a retrospective study first, and then in a longitudinal observational study. Materials and methods: Between January 1993 and January 2006 at our Department 42 cases of primitive obstructive megaureter were observed. Patients were divided into two groups: treated and untreated, each with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The efficacy of surgical treatment vs. conservative treatment was assessed through routine laboratory tests, ultrasound of the urinary tract and renal scintigraphy. Follow-up was at least 2 years for all patients. 24 Oct, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-2-103.php Intranuclear inclusions are important diagnostic features in many benign and malignant neoplasms. It has also been identifi ed in major epithelial subtypes of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), particularly in the chromophobe RCC. 15 Feb, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-2-102.php Adhesions are a common sequela after abdominal surgery. Adhesions are an important etiology of acute or chronic intestinal obstruction or even chronic pain, and must be suspected as a leading cause of abdominal pain whenever the patient as undergone previous abdominal surgery. 05 Oct, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AUR-1-101.php Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common type of bacterial infection acquired in a hospital and may affect the upper (pyelonephritis) or lower urinary tract (cystitis). UTIs associated with bladder catheterization are extremely common, with infection occurring due to the use of contaminated materials, lack of aseptic insertion techniques, or prolonged catheterization.